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CTI Bibliography of Technical Papers - Testing
Revised April 2009
To add a paper to your shopping cart, click on the paper's order number button.
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Testing
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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Demonstrating the Effectiveness of Field Testing Evaporative Vapor Condensers
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Glenn D. Comisac, Baltimore Aircoil Company
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2000
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Abstract:
Determining the thermal capacity of evaporative condensers has
long been left to theory, "rules of thumb," or the guarded
operations of manufacturers' test laboratories. Now, modern
instrumentation and test methods make field-testing of
evaporative condensers practical, accurate, and readily
available to owners, engineers, and manufacturers alike.
Field-testing gives owners the ability to confirm manufacturers'
performance guarantees on new equipment and also to determine
the current capacity of existing installations. To demonstrate
the practicality and accuracy of field-testing, a series of
thermal capacity tests were performed in both the controlled
environs of a thermal laboratory and at an operating industrial
refrigeration facility. This study presents the testing methods
used and an analysis of the test results, based on standards
from ASHRAE, ARI, and CTI. This series of tests demonstrates
that field-testing of evaporative condensers is both practical
and accurate. Field-testing can be used to accurately assess the
performance of evaporative condensers, new and existing.
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Seismic Qualification of Cooling Towers by Shake-Table Testing
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Panos G. Papavizas, Baltimore Aircoil Company
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2008
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Abstract:
The International Building Code (IBC) establishes qualification requirements for equipment, such as evaporative cooling equipment, to resist seismic loads. Where certification of seismic resistance is required, the basis for certification must be by analysis, testing, or experience data. For designated seismic system equipment that must remain operable following an earthquake, the most reliable basis for certification is shake-table-testing. The Code-recognized test standard AC156 provides a generic methodology for verifying post-earthquake functionality. This paper will focus on seismic qualification by shake-table testing per AC156's, and make more recommendations specific to evaporative cooling equipment for verification of post-test functionality.
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A Reynolds Number Correction for Pitot Measurement
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Dudley Benton, McHale & Associates
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2009
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Abstract:
The Pitot tube has been the mainstay of flow measurement in cooling towers for decades, but this isn't the only application for velocity probes of this type. Unlike the cooling tower flow, most other applications of these and similar probes consider the Reynolds number-typically at the head of the probe. The correction for Reynolds number in the derived correlations for such probes is iterative, but easily implemented and converges quickly. The information necessary to incorporate a correction for Reynolds number is often collected-but not used-along with the other data when the probe is being calibrated. This paper will explore the efficacy of utilizing a local Reynolds number correction with several Pitot probes and whether or not this actually reduces the overall uncertainty of the final flow measurement.
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Affecting Test Uncertainty
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Benjamin Goddard and Eugene Culver, McHale and Associates
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2009
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Abstract:
The CTI ATC-105 test codes give us guidance to conduct a cooling tower thermal performance test with results having a reasonable uncertainty. A test configuration with a different number of measurements and instrumentation can lead to changes in the uncertainty and the resultant calculated tower capability. This presentation will describe these changes for a project with water-flow measurements in the main line and on individual risers plus installation of additional wet bulb sensors beyond the code required minimum. The significance of sensitivity variation among the test measurement parameters as they related to tower capability is also discussed.
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