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Zero Discharge
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Order Number
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Title
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Author
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Date
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The Role of Cooling Water Systems and Water Treatment in Achieving Zero Discharge (TP-118A)
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Ernest Q. Petrey, Jr., Petrolite Corporation
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1973
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Abstract:
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Pilot Demonstration of the Binary cooling Tower Zero Discharge at the Sunrise Station (TP-215A)
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Rickie M. Slate, Nevada Power Co., Craig Zeien, CH2M Hill, William G. Sanderson,
Tower Systems, Inc.
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1980
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Abstract:
An "MCT Process" pilot plant demonstration was held at the
Sunrise Station of Nevada Power. Sponsors were Nevada Power
Company, EPRI and West Associates. This process utilizes heat
from the primary cooling water to concentrate blowdown water.
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Use of Brackish Water in a Zero Discharge Cooling System (TP-223A)
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H. Bydalek, K.F. Hass, C.R.Mann & L.R. LePage, Stone & Webster Engineering
Corporation
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1980
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Abstract:
A pilot plant was operated for a period of twelve months to
demonstrate that brackish agricultural run off water could be
used as makeup in a closed loop, zero discharge mechanical draft
cooling system. The makeup and sidestream water treatment system
and the circulating water system were simulated on a scale of
1/1000 of the actual 500,000 GPM cooling system. The paper
discusses treatment system optimization, circulating water
chemistry, heat transfer efficiency and the results fo an
extensive corrosion testing program.
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Staged Cooling at Signaal/Shasta a High Recycle Evaporative Cooling Technique for Cost Effective Zero Discharge (TP-88-02)
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Richard L. Lancaster & W.G. Sanderson, Zurn/Nepco
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1988
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Abstract:
Signal/Shasta is a 55 MW waste wood burning power plant located
in Northern California. Plant water comes from on-site wells and
is high in silica. The plant is a zero wastewater discharge
design. The cooling water system at the Signal/Shasta power
plant is a state of the art, water conserving, cost effective,
and energy efficient design. The system totally utilizes all
process water entering the plant and there is no waste stream
discharge at the plant boundary limits. Total plant water usage
averages 700 GPM. The final affluent is 1.8 GPM that is consumed
in the ash conditioning process. The system design uses
conventional techniques in a patented process to achieve 350
concentration cycles of incoming water. Two separate and
segregated cooling systems are used to evaporate 99.5% of the
incoming water flow without the use of solar ponds or
high-energy evaporation systems. This high water utilization is
the result of leverage on concentration cycles obtained by
staged cooling. This paper describes the system in detail.
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Recent Developments in the Operation of Industrial Cooling Tower Systems with Zero Blowdown (TP-89-13)
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Jack P. Wetherell & Norman D. Fahrer, ChemTreat, Inc.
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1989
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Abstract:
This paper is based on 6-7 years of field experience with zero
blowdown systems. Steps for achieving higher tower rate cycles
and monitoring systems results are explained. Multiple case
histories covering the following cooling tower waters are
included: 1) Unsoftened surface or well water makeup, 2)
Partially softened makeup water, and 3) 100% softened makeup
water without pH control. The remarkable results obtained with
all of these makeup waters are outlined in this paper. In terms
of fouling and corrosion control, treatments costs, water
conservation and environmental impact, this technology is on the
leading edge of current water treatment programs.
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Chemical Approaches to Zero Blowdown Operation (TP-93-05)
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G.E. Geiger & M.R.Hatch, Betz Industrial, J. Ogg, Stanford Linear Accelerator
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1993
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Abstract:
Complying with increasingly stringent water discharge
limitations has forced a re-examination of current cooling water
treatment practices. Plants faced with severe effluent
restrictions have looked to high cycle or zero-blowdown is
discussed in light of current phosphonate/polymer technology and
a newly developed non-phosphorus scale control additive.
Experiences with treatment programs operating with (pH 7.5-8.0)
and without (pH 8.8-9.2) pH control at 40+ cycles of
concentration are documented. Field-testing over an 18-month
period has identified two viable approaches to zero-blowdown
(high eyolo) operation.
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